Journal of Economics and Financial Analysis, 7 (2), pp. 65-89, [2023]
URI: https://ojs.tripaledu.com/jefa/article/view/87/97

The Movement of Exchange Rate and Expected Income: Case of South Africa




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1991/jefa.v7i2.a63

Abstract

Many studies have investigated the impact of expectations on the exchange rates. However, it remains a challenge linking the exchange rates to its fundamentals. This study seeks to determine the impact of expectations of future income on the exchange rates behaviour. In this study, we employ the Bayesian VAR method. The study finds that the expectations of income have effects on the exchange rate behaviour. Furthermore, the exchange rates behaviour is asymmetric.

Keywords

Expectations; Income; Output; Growth; Exchange Rates; FDI.

JEL Classification

E51.

Full Text:


References

Ahmed, R., Aizenman, J. and Jinjarak, Y. (2021). Inflation and exchange rate targeting challenges under fiscal dominance. Journal of Macroeconomics, 67, p.103281.

Akiba, H. (2004. Expectations, stability, and exchange rate dynamics under the Post Keynesian hypothesis. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, pp.125-139.

Amat, C., Michalski, T. and Stoltz, G. (2018). Fundamentals and exchange rate forecastability with simple machine learning methods. Journal of International Money and Finance, 88, pp.1-24.

Andersson, P. (2020). Chinese assessments of “critical” and “strategic” raw materials: Concepts, categories, policies, and implications. The Extractive Industries and Society, 7(1), pp.127-137.

Andrade, R.P. and Prates, D.M. (2013). Exchange rate dynamics in a peripheral monetary economy. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, pp.399-416.

Archer, C., Junior, P.O., Adam, A.M., Asafo-Adjei, E. and Baffoe, S. (2022). Asymmetric dependence between exchange rate and commodity prices in Ghana. Annals of Financial Economics, 17(02), p.2250012.

Bacchetta, P. and Van Wincoop, E. (2006). Can information heterogeneity explain the exchange rate determination puzzle? American Economic Review, 96(3), pp.552-576.

Baharumshah, A.Z., Sirag, A. and Soon, S.V. (2017). Asymmetric exchange rate pass-through in an emerging market economy: The case of Mexico. Research in International Business and Finance, 41, pp.247-259.

Barbosa, L.O.S., Jayme Jr, F.G. and Missio, F.J. (2018). Managing real exchange rate for economic growth: Empirical evidences from developing countries. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 41(4), pp.598-619.

Beckmann, J. and Czudaj, R. (2017). Effective exchange rates, current accounts and global imbalances. Review of International Economics, (25(3), pp.500-533.

Beckmann, J., Belke, A. and Kühl, M. (2011. The dollar-euro exchange rate and macroeconomic fundamentals: a time-varying coefficient approach. Review of World Economics, 147, pp.11-40.

Bekun, F.V., Emir, F., & Sarkodie, S.A. (2019). Another look at the relationship between energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions, and economic growth in South Africa. Science of the Total Environment, 655, pp. 759-765.

Cashin, P., Céspedes, L.F. and Sahay, R. (2004. Commodity currencies and the real exchange rate. Journal of Development Economics, 75(1), pp.239-268.

Chakrabarti, R. and Scholnick, B. (2002). Exchange rate expectations and foreign direct investment flows. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 138(1), pp.1-21.

Chang, M.J. and Matsuki, T. (2022). Exchange rate forecasting with real-time data: Evidence from Western offshoots. Research in International Business and Finance, 59, p.101538.

Cheung, Y.W., Chinn, M.D. and Pascual, A.G. (2005). Empirical exchange rate models of the nineties: Are any fit to survive? Journal of International Money and Finance, (24(7), pp.1150-1175.

De Grauwe, P., Dieci, R. and Grimaldi, M. (2005). Fundamental and Non-Fundamental Equilibria in the Foreign Exchange Market. A Behavioural Finance Framework.

Devereux, M.B. and Yu, C. (2019). Evaluating the role of capital controls and monetary policy in emerging market crises. Journal of International Money and Finance, 95, pp.189-211.

Dixit, R., & Ghosh, M. (2013). Financial inclusion for inclusive growth of India-A study of Indian states. International Journal of Business Management & Research, 3(1), pp. 147-156.

Dunn Jr, R.M. (1970). Flexible exchange rates and oligopoly pricing: A study of Canadian markets. Journal of Political Economy, 78(1), pp.140-151.

Edwards, S. (1989). Exchange controls, devaluations, and real exchange rates: the Latin American experience. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 37(3), pp.457-494.

Eichenbaum, M., Johannsen, B.K. and Rebelo, S.T. (2018). Understanding the Volatility of the Canadian Exchange Rate. CD Howe Institute Commentary, (502).

Engel, C. and West, K.D. (2005). Exchange rates and fundamentals. Journal of Political Economy, 113(3), pp.485-517.

Engel, C. (2016). Exchange rates, interest rates, and the risk premium. American Economic Review, 106(2), pp.436-474.

Engel, C., Mark, N.C., West, K.D., Rogoff, K. and Rossi, B. (2007). Exchange rate models are not as bad as you think [with comments and discussion]. NBER Macroeconomics Annual, 22, pp.381-473.

Evans, M.D.D. and Lyons, R.K. (2005). Meese-Rogoff redux: Micro-based exchange-rate forecasting. American Economic Review, 95(2), pp.405-414.

Flückiger, M. and Ludwig, M. (2018). Geography, human capital and urbanization: A regional analysis. Economics Letters, 168, pp.10-14.

Ghosh, A.R., Ostry, J.D. and Chamon, M. (2016). Two targets, two instruments: Monetary and exchange rate policies in emerging market economies. Journal of International Money and Finance, 60, pp.172-196.

Hadebe N., Msomi S. (2023). Focusing on exchange rate volatility and international trade relationship: Evidence of South Africa. Journal of Management and Economics, 8(3), pp. .259

Harvey, C.R. (1991). The world price of covariance risk. The Journal of Finance, 46(1), pp.111-157.

Harvey, J.T. (2009. Currency market participants' mental model and the collapse of the dollar: 2001-2008. Journal of Economic Issues, pp.931-949.

Hayat, A., Ganiev, B., & Tang, X. (2013). Expectations of future income and real exchange rate movements. Journal of Banking & Finance, 37(4), pp. 1274-1285.

Hubacek, K., Guan, D., & Barua, A. (2007). Changing lifestyles and consumption patterns in developing countries: A scenario analysis for China and India. Futures, 39(9), pp. 1084-1096.

Ismailov, A. and Rossi, B. (2018). Uncertainty and deviations from uncovered interest rate parity. Journal of International Money and Finance, 88, pp.242-259.

Itskhoki, O., & Mukhin, D. (2021). Exchange rate disconnect in general equilibrium. Journal of Political Economy, 129(8), pp. 2183-2232.

Jin, S., Jin, W., Bai, Y., Dong, C., Jin, D., Hu, Z. and Huang, Y. (2020). Response of rice and bacterial community to phosphorus-containing materials in soil-plant ecosystem of rare earth mining area. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 381, p.121004.

Juselius, K. and Assenmacher, K. (2017). Real exchange rate persistence and the excess return puzzle: The case of Switzerland versus the US. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 32(6), pp.1145-1155.

Kaltenbrunner, A. (2015). A post Keynesian framework of exchange rate determination: a Minskyan approach. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 38(3), pp.426-448.

Kassi, D.F., Sun, G., Ding, N., Rathnayake, D.N. and Assamoi, G.R. (2019). Asymmetry in exchange rate pass-through to consumer prices: Evidence from emerging and developing Asian countries. Economic Analysis and Policy, 62, pp.357-372.

Kilian, L. and Taylor, M.P. (2003). Why is it so difficult to beat the random walk forecast of exchange rates? Journal of International Economics, 60(1), pp.85-107.

Kohlscheen, E., Avalos, F.H. and Schrimpf, A. (2017). When the walk is not random: commodity prices and exchange rates. International Journal of Central Banking, 13(2), pp.121-158.

Lanyi, A. (1969). The case for floating exchange rates reconsidered. International Finance Section, Princeton University.

Lavoie, M. and Daigle, G. (2011). A behavioural finance model of exchange rate expectations within a stock‐flow consistent framework. Metroeconomica, 62(3), pp.434-458.

McLeod, D. and Mileva, E. (2011). Real exchange rates and productivity growth. Fordham University Department of Economics Discussion Paper, 4, pp.1-27.

Meese, R. and Rogoff, K., 1983. The out-of-sample failure of empirical exchange rate models: sampling error or misspecification? In Exchange rates and international macroeconomics (pp. 67-112). University of Chicago Press.

Meese, R. (1990). Currency fluctuations in the post-Bretton Woods Era. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 4(1), pp.117-134.

Mensi, W., Hammoudeh, S., Shahzad, S.J.H., Al-Yahyaee, K.H. and Shahbaz, M. (2017. Oil and foreign exchange market tail dependence and risk spillovers for MENA, emerging and developed countries: VMD decomposition based copulas. Energy Economics, 67, pp.476-495.

Molodtsova, T. and Papell, D.H. (2009). Out-of-sample exchange rate predictability with Taylor rule fundamentals. Journal of International Economics, 77(2), pp.167-180.

Moore, K.R., Moles, N.R., Rollinson, G.K. and Lusty, P.A.J. (2023). Mechanisms for concentrating critical metals in granitic complexes: insights from the Mourne Mountains, Northern Ireland. Geoenergy, 1(1), pp.geoenergy2023-023.

Moosa, I. and Burns, K. (2014). Error correction modelling and dynamic specifications as a conduit to outperforming the random walk in exchange rate forecasting. Applied Economics, 46(25), pp.3107-3118.

Muth, J.F. (1961). Rational expectations and the theory of price movements. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, pp.315-335.

Ngoma, A.L. (2022). Does real exchange rate respond asymmetrically to changes in real oil price? The Journal of Developing Areas, 56(2), pp.91-106.

Nzimande, N. and Msomi, S. (2016). Oil price shocks and economic activity: The asymmetric cointegration approach in South Africa. Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences, 9(3), pp.685-695.

Pfahler, J.F. (2021). Exchange rate forecasting with advanced machine learning methods. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 15(1), p.2.

Ribeiro, R.S.M., McCombie, J.S., & Lima, G.T. (2017). Does real exchange rate undervaluation really promote economic growth? (No. 2017_11). University of São Paulo (FEA-USP).

Rossi Júnior, J.L. (2013). Liquidity and Exchange Rates.

Schorderet, Y. (2003). Asymmetric cointegration. Genève: Université de Genève/Faculté des sciences économiques et sociales. Unpublished manuscript.

Singhal, S., Choudhary, S., & Biswal, P.C. (2019). Return and volatility linkages among International crude oil price, gold price, exchange rate, and stock markets: Evidence from Mexico. Resources Policy, 60, pp. 255-261.

Stoll, H.R. (1968). An empirical study of the forward exchange market under fixed and flexible exchange rate systems. The Canadian Journal of Economics, 1(1), pp.55-78.

Tawadros, G.B. (2017). Revisiting the exchange rate disconnect puzzle. Applied Economics, 49(36), pp. 3645-3668.

Taylor, M.P. and Peel, D.A. (2000). Nonlinear adjustment, long-run equilibrium and exchange rate fundamentals. Journal of international Money and Finance, 19(1), pp.33-53.

Taylor, M.P., Peel, D.A. and Sarno, L. (2001). Nonlinear mean‐reversion in real exchange rates: toward a solution to the purchasing power parity puzzles. International Economic Review, 42(4), pp.1015-1042.

Van der Ploeg, F. and Venables, A.J. (2011). Harnessing windfall revenues: optimal policies for resource‐rich developing economies. The Economic Journal, 121(551), pp.1-30.

Voss, G.M. and Willard, L.B. (2009). Monetary policy and the exchange rate: Evidence from a two-country model. Journal of Macroeconomics, 31(4), pp.708-720.

Wang, Q., Jiang, R., & Zhan, L. (2019). Is decoupling economic growth from fuel consumption possible in developing countries? A comparison of China and India. Journal of Cleaner Production, 229, pp. 806-817.

White, W.R. (2015). How false beliefs about exchange rate systems threaten global growth and the existence of the Eurozone. Globalization and Monetary Policy Institute Working Paper, 250.

Xie, Z. and Chen, S.W. (2019). Exchange rates and fundamentals: A bootstrap panel data analysis. Economic Modelling, 78, pp.209-224.




Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.